Hydromorphic and organic soils, confined largely to areas underlain by sedimentary rocks along the coast and river floodplains, are the youngest soil types. Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. The Soviet Union benefits from Nigerian appreciation of its help during the war, but is not trying for control. On the 31st of December 1899 the charter for the Royal Niger Company was revoked by the British government, and the sum of 865,000 was paid to the company as compensation. Islam was used to reinforce the political and social structures of the state although many established customs were maintained. By the end of the 18th century, some Muslim ulema began articulating the grievances of the common people. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. ); terracotta; Muse du quai Branly. [23] It is the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the second oldest known worldwide. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . In November 2009, he fell ill and was flown out of the country to Saudi Arabia for medical attention. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. In Kaduna in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting over the introduction of criminal Shar'ia in the State. km. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. The weakness of a popular theory that Igbos were stateless rests on the paucity of historical evidence of pre-colonial Igbo society. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. The school was characterised by its overt Nigerian nationalism and it was geared towards forging a Nigerian identity through publicizing the glories of pre-colonial history. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. Although Abacha was initially welcomed by many Nigerians, disenchantment grew rapidly. The country's landscape features plains in the north and south. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. As in most African art styles, the Nok style focuses mainly on people, rarely on animals. [49] According to the Yoruba, Oduduwa is regarded as the ancestor of the Yoruba kings. The 1965 national election produced a major realignment of politics and a disputed result that set the country on the path to civil war. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition; and in the following year, the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. Britannica Quiz Geography Fun Facts Relief The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. The Southwest part of Nigeria was formed recently as a nation by 850, it was also established as the basics of the Eastern Akan tribes. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. 15691600) during whose reign Kanem was reconquered. Some Fulbe converted to Islam as early as the 11th century and settled among the Hausa, from whom they became racially indistinguishable. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and Kanem, which were not within the boundaries of modern Nigeria but which influenced the history of the Nigerian savanna. The primary exports were slaves, leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, and henna. Author of. [104] In May 2010, the Nigerian government learned of Yar'Adua's death after a long battle with existing health problems and an undisclosed illness. The source of the Aro Confederacy's economic dominance was based on the judicial oracle of Ibini Ukpabi ("Long Juju") and their military forces which included powerful allies such as Ohafia, Abam, Ezza, and other related neighboring states. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. A Theoretical Synthesis of State Formation Process in Africa", "The Growth of Trade among the Igbo before 1800", "Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago", "Nigerian Independence: History & Details", "Nigerian Military Leader Ousts Interim President", "Nigeria government recovers looted $700m from foreign countries in four years Malami - Premium Times Nigeria", "Conflict Management in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria", "CNN.com - Gasoline pipeline blast kills up to 200 in Nigeria - 12 May 2006", "Nigerian petrol thieves suspected as blast kills 200", "Nigeria's President Buhari promises change at inauguration", "Nigeria's Muhammadu Buhari sworn in for second term as president", "Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's president-elect?". ), height: 54cm (21.2in. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. The present crisis started" with Nigerian independence in 1960, but the federated parliament hid "serious internal strains. [108], The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) candidate, Bola Tinubu, won the February 2023 presidential election to succeed Muhammadu Buhari as the next president of Nigeria. The AG was manoeuvred out of control of the Western Region by the Federal Government and a new pro-government Yoruba party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), took over. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. [52][53] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. The Igala played significant roles in the formation of Nigeria having been made host to the capital of Nigeria at Lokoja in the past, with Lugard as the Governor. Throughout the 16th-century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east. This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his vice president and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. The Young Majors went into hiding. [90] Another sudden rise in the price of oil in 1979 to $19 per barrel occurred as a result of the lead up to the IranIraq War. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. "Nigeria is likely to take a more active role in funding liberation movements in southern Africa." Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. History of Nigeria Early Nigerian cultures The Nok culture Evidence of human occupation in Nigeria dates back thousands of years. The tribunal sentenced Saro-Wiwa and eight others to death and they were executed on 10 November 1995. Katsina and Daura were the "Chiefs of the Market," as their geographical location accorded them direct access to the caravans coming across the desert from the north. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the Nigerian education system for many years. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. General Mohammed replaced thousands of civil servants and announced a timetable for the resumption of civilian rule by 1 October 1979. In the 15th century the region brought under central control is a mere seventy-miles across (people and places being harder to subdue in the tropical forest than on the savanna), though a century later Benin stretches from the Niger delta in the east to Lagos in the west. In general, the topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the north and south interrupted by plateaus and hills in the centre of the country. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP); other parties were not allowed to register. Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna fled to Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana where he was welcomed as a hero. Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. The Benin Empire (14401897; called Bini by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on 27 August 1993. However, the spike in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel, following the Yom Kippur War in 1973 brought a sudden rush of money to Nigeria. Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. Niger African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. The Igbos were accepted as fellow citizens in many parts of Nigeria, but not in some areas of former Biafra where they were once dominant. General Muhammadu Buhari took over the helm of affairs in May 2015 after a peaceful transfer of power from the Jonathan led administration. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. Updates? By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. Almost immediately, the revenues from oil began to make Nigeria a wealthy nation. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna, National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden, Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Nigerian airport workers go on strike; travelers stranded, At least 33 people killed by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, AP PHOTOS: Joyous Holy Week celebrations around the world, At least 10 students abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, Correction: Police-Shooting-Michigan-Race story. Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. Nigeria. Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture."[33]. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. On 29 May 1967, Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu, the military governor of the eastern region who emerged as the leader of increasing Igbo secessionist sentiment, declared the independence of the eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967. The origin of Nigeria's educational policies dates back to the 1955 comprehensive education laws of the Western Nigeria, 1957 Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the Eastern region and the 1976 UPE national programme; the 2000 Universal Basic Education (UBE) is the baby programme which The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." Problems exist with inflation, internal debt, and a huge military budget, competing with popular demands for government services. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. The soils in the northern states of Kano and Sokoto, however, are not subject to leaching and are therefore easily farmed. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. Flag. [51] Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umueri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. From other parts of Africa, the Neo-Marxist school arrived and gained a number of supporters. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. The states included only kingdoms inhabited by Hausa-speakers: Since the beginning of Hausa history, the seven states of Hausaland divided up production and labor activities in accordance with their location and natural resources. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. George's . 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