He refused to cooperate at all. He appeared before Judge Mortimer W. Byers on November 15, 1957 and was sentenced as follows (the three sentences to be served concurrently): Colonel Abel appealed his convictions, claiming that rights guaranteed to him under the Constitution and laws of the United States had been violated. [67] A few days later Fisher, reunited with his wife Elena and daughter Evelyn, flew home. As the search for the source of the hollow nickel expanded across the United States, hollow subway tokens, trick coins, and similar objects were submitted to the FBI Laboratory by agents in various parts of the country. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Soviet intelligence service had a new assignment for Hayhanenone which would require him to sever relations with his family, to study the English language, and to receive special training in photographing documents, as well as to encode and decode messages. To exchange messages and intelligence data, they used dead dropsinconspicuous hiding placesin the New York area. From New York came a half dollar which had been ground in such a manner that smaller coins could be concealed under it. Rudolf Abel was the most important Soviet agent the FBI ever got on the net. The FBI first became aware of Abel's activities in 1953, when Abel's incompetent junior colleague Reino Hayhanen carelessly spent a hollow nickel that ended up in the hands of a paperboy. From the long list of possible suspects, the most logical candidate appeared to be Mikhail Nikolaevich Svirin. Count Two (Conspiracy to obtain defense information), 10 years imprisonment and $2,000 fine. If thats `Mark, hell return, they correctly surmised. [62] The jury retired for three and a half hours and returned on the afternoon of October 25, 1957, finding Fisher guilty on all three counts. [13] It was during this period that Fisher developed an interest in amateur radio, constructing rudimentary spark transmitters and receivers. The CIA turned Hayhanen over to the FBI to investigate the claims. [49], In April 1957, Fisher told his artist friends he was going south on a seven-week vacation. (2001). This man was followed down Fulton Street to a nearby subway station. FBI Laboratory experts examined this Finnish coin on May 17, 1957. It was the archetypal Cold War tale - an undercover operative arrested after his. The search for this storage room led FBI agents to a building at 252 Fulton Street. The information which Hayhanen furnished to U.S. officials in Paris, France, in May 1957, was immediately checked. This man occasionally walked about the park; he appeared to be nervous; and he created the impression that he was looking for someonepossibly attempting to determine any unusual activity in the neighborhood. Abel returned to Moscow, where he was forced into retirement by the KGB, who feared that during his five years of captivity U.S. authorities had convinced him to become a double agent. [53] During this period Fisher stated that his "real" name was Rudolf Ivanovich Abel and that he was a Soviet citizen, although he refused to discuss his intelligence activities. Using the alias Emil Goldfus, he set up an artist's studio. At the end of his 1957 trial, Rudolf Abel escaped the death penalty when his lawyer, James Donovan, convinced the federal judge that Abel might one day be used either as a source of intelligence information or as a hostage to be traded with the Soviets for a captured U.S. agent. Place seems right. Early in May 1957, he telephoned the United States Embassy in Paris and subsequently arrived at the embassy to be interviewed. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. [2] Once the FBI had a positive identification, they stepped up surveillance, following Fisher from his studio to the Hotel Latham. [60] Donovan subsequently brought in attorney Thomas M. Debevoise to assist him;[61] Fisher was tried in Federal Court at New York City during October 1957, on three counts:[59]. [37] For six months Hyhnen checked the thumbtack and no one had made contact. Astrological Sign: Cancer, Death Year: 1971, Death date: November 15, 1971, Death City: Moscow, Death Country: Russia, Article Title: Rudolf Abel Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/crime/rudolf-abel, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: May 18, 2021, Original Published Date: October 14, 2015. Rudolph Abel Exchange For Garry Powers (1962) Watch on. [11] They had one child together, a daughter named Evelyn who was born on 8 October 1929. Accordingly, passage was secured for Hayhanen on an airliner, and he was permitted to return to the United States. On February 10, 1962, Rudolf Invanovich Abel was exchanged for the American U-2 pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who was a prisoner of the Soviet Union. CONSULT WITH US PRIOR TO INVESTING IT IN ANY KIND OF BUSINESS, ADVISING THE CHARACTER OF THIS BUSINESS.3. During the FBIs extensive interviews with him, in May 1957 Hayhanen was carefully questioned regarding the codes and cryptosystems which he had used in the various Soviet intelligence agencies he had served since 1939. Click to read about one of the pieces of espionage equipment found in Abels apartment. \$523.89 -\$154.79 $523.89$154 . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The face of the coin was a 1948 Jefferson nickel. During this period, he was most cautious to avoid suspicion or attracting attention to himselfhis Soviet superiors wanting him to become established as an ordinary, hard-working citizen. Goldfusregistered at the Hotel Latham under the name of Martin Collinswas kept under surveillance from the night of June 13 until the morning of June 21, 1957. [10] Having been adopted as a protg by Pavel Sudoplatov, he took part in Operation Scherhorn ( , Operatsiya Berezino) in August 1944. He died in 1971. Neither of these pennies, nor the assortment of other coins which the Laboratory examined, was found to have tool markings or other distinguishing features to identify it with the newsboys 1948 Jefferson nickel. A member of the OGPU's "illegals" division, Fisher spent several years training operatives in radio work throughout Europe. He was, however, able to tell the FBI about Fisher's studio and its location. Several former intelligence agents who had defected to the free world from communist-bloc nations were contacted. [20] That year he married Elena Lebedeva, a harp student at Moscow Conservatoire. Abel, in the Old Testament, second son of Adam and Eve, who was slain by his older brother, Cain (Genesis 4:1-16). In 1962, he was. The real Andrew Kayotis, believed to have died in a Lithuanian hospital, was born in Lithuania on October 10, 1895. 3. Can you break this dollar bill for me?. Back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences. This description was matched against the descriptions of Soviet representatives who had been in the United States between 1952 and 1954. WE CONGRATULATE YOU ON A SAFE ARRIVAL. In the spring of 1955, Fisher and Hyhnen visited Bear Mountain Park, and buried $5,000, (equivalent to $50,578 in 2021), destined for the wife of the Soviet spy Morton Sobell, who in 1951 was sentenced to thirty years in jail. The proprietors of novelty stores and related business establishments in the New York vicinity were contacted. In his five years in prison, Abel kept his silence, but the latter prophecy came true in 1962 when he was exchanged for Powers in Berlin. In a jealous rage, Cain murdered Abel. GREETINGS FROM THE COMRADES. The lights went out at 11:52 p.m., and a man who appeared to generally fit the description of Mark stepped into the darkness outside the building. Fisher decided that he would not turn traitor as Hyhnen had done because he still trusted the KGB and he knew that if he cooperated with the FBI, he would not see his wife and daughter again. [28] Members of the network had stopped cooperating after postwar security was tightened at Los Alamos. ALL THE DATA ABOUT YOURSELF, PLACE OF WORK, ADDRESS, ETC., MUST NOT BE TRANSMITTED IN ONE CIPHER MESSAGE. Roughly halfway through his journey, he was shot down over Sverdlovsk in the Ural Mountains. Ill ask the people across the hall, he said. Goldfus disappeared about April 26, 1957. Despite his modest background, Hayhanen was an honor student and, in 1939, obtained the equivalent of a certificate to teach high school. Abel v. United States. There was five digits in each number and 21 numbers in most columns. In Washington, each effort to decipher the microphotograph met with failure. The Irish American New York lawyer who defended a Russian spy, and negotiated on behalf of the thousands of prisoners captured after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, is remembered by his daughter Jan. It can often appear that the lives of individuals depicted on the silver screen are too fantastic to be real. I do recall, however, that we used the code name `Quebec in referring to him and that he was recruited for Soviet intelligence work while in Moscow., (An intensive investigation was launched to identify and locate Quebec. It quickly produced results when, in examining a hollow piece of steel from Hayhanens home, the FBI Laboratory discovered a piece of microfilm less than one-inch square. The exchange took place on the Glienicke Bridge that linked West Berlin with Potsdam, which became famous during the Cold War as the "Bridge of Spies". Finally, Powers and Abel were waved forward and crossed the border into freedom at the same moment8:52 a.m., Berlin time. Thus, Hayhanen initially provided the FBI with little useful information. His primary objective was to identify anti-Soviet elements among the intelligentsia. Who Is Suspected Pentagon Leaker Jack Teixeira? Due to a law that bans construction near the habitat of endangered species, developers kill and hide endangered species found on their land. Hyhnen confirmed that it was "MARK" in the photograph. Want to read all 2 pages? The U.S. government then used Abel to secure the release of Powers, whose Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft had been forced down near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), in the central Soviet Union, on May 1, 1960. His ashes were interred at the Donskoye Cemetery under his real name; next to Konon Molody, who had died the previous year. During World War II, he again trained radio operators for clandestine work behind German lines. Rudolf Abel, in full Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, original name William August Fisher, (born July 11, 1903, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Englanddied November 15, 1971, Moscow, Russia), Soviet intelligence officer, convicted in the United States in 1957 for conspiring to transmit military secrets to the Soviet Union. At the time he related this information to FBI agents in May 1957, Hayhanen could not remember the Army sergeants name. Shortly afterward, when U.S. jet pilot Francis Gary Powers was captured in Soviet territory, the idea of swapping Powers for Fisher gained steam. Genrich Fischer (or Fisher), Abels father and a friend of Lenins, emigrated to Britain around 1901, where he spent 20 years attempting to organize and indoctrinate his fellow factory workers before returning to Russia. He mingled with New York artists, who were surprised by his admiration for the Russian painter Isaak Levitan, although Fisher was careful not to discuss Stalinist "socialist realism". What happened to Gary Powers in 1977? Sorry, Jimmy, she said. When Kayotis friends in Michigan heard no more from him, they assumed that he had passed away. For the past five years, I have been operating in the United States. By a five-to-four decision which was handed down on March 28, 1960, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of this Russian spy. The newsboy rested this coin, a nickel, on the middle finger of his hand. 27. Operating as a Soviet spy in New York City, he was imprisoned for espionage following a high-profile trial in 1957. Alternate titles: Emil R. Goldfus, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, William August Fisher. On February 10, 1962, American spy pilot Francis Gary Powers is released by the Soviets in exchange for Soviet Colonel Rudolf Abel, a senior KGB spy who was caught in the United States five years earlier. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-Abel, Federal Bureau of Investigation - Biography of Rudolph Ivanovich Abel, Rudolf Abel - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The drama of Fisher's trial and the subsequent negotiations that led to the prisoner exchange were revived with the release of the 2015 movie Bridge of Spies. While it is not known for certain where Fisher went or what he did, it is believed he travelled to Santa Fe, New Mexico, the collection point for stolen diagrams from the Manhattan Project. Is time wrong? By June 3, 1957, the full text of the microphotograph was known. THE PACKAGE WAS DELIVERED TO YOUR WIFE PERSONALLY. While the surveillance continued at 252 Fulton Street, other FBI agents made daily checks on the dead drops that Hayhanen stated he and Mark had used. We strive for accuracy and fairness. [19] He then worked briefly in the radio research institute before being recruited by the OGPU, a predecessor of the KGB, in May 1927. They met only when necessarythe meeting place being the Prospect Park subway station. READ MORE:The Spy Who Kept the Cold War From Boiling Over. In 1990 the USSR released a stamp depicting Rudolf Abel as part of series: Damaskin, Igor with Elliott, Geoffrey. And, when Mikhail dropped from the scene in 1954, Hayhanen was turned over to another Russian spy, one known only as Mark. Hayhanen felt that Mark undoubtedly was still actively engaged in espionage within the United States! They were not convinced he might actually be a Russian spy until he produced a hollow Finnish 5-mark coin. However, prior to opening the coin Hyhnen had misplaced it, either buying a newspaper with it or using it as a subway token. [43] Fisher checked his drop points only to find messages several months old, while Hyhnen's radio transmissions had routinely been sent from the same location using incorrect radio frequencies. He had then spent three years in Finland taking over Maki's identity. For example, in 1954, Mark instructed him to locate an American Army sergeant, one formerly assigned to the United States Embassy in Moscow. [37] Fisher was disturbed by Hyhnen's lack of work ethics and his obsession with alcohol. He was awarded a little pension and released KGB -approved memoirs in 1968. He occasionally met with Reino Hyhnen, another Soviet agent residing in New York. Moments later, FBI agents saw him take a subway to 28th Street, and they stood by unnoticed as he emerged from the subway and walked to the Hotel Latham on East 28th Street. Rudolf Abel was born William Fisher in England in 1903. [68][69] He made a notable appearance in the foreword to the Soviet spy film Dead Season and also worked as a consultant on the film. Photographs of the hollow coin were shown to them. His parents were peasants. The moment his eyes fell upon a picture of Mikhail Nikolaevich Svirin, Hayhanen straightened up in his chair and announced, Thats the one. The detective had received his information from another police officer whose daughter was acquainted with the newsboy. Just before their transfer, Frederic Pryoran American student held by East German authorities since August 1961was released to American authorities at another border checkpoint. There could be no question of its accuracy. WE CONFIRM THE RECEIPT OF YOUR LETTER TO THE ADDRESS `V REPEAT V AND THE READING OF LETTER NUMBER 1.2. Codenamed "VIK", Hyhnen arrived in New York on the RMS Queen Mary, under the alias Eugene Nikolai Maki. Omissions? Forced into retirement in 1971, he died of lung cancer on November 15 of that year. Fisher was aware of the "tail" but, as he had no passport to leave the country, he devised a plan to be used upon his capture. [45], When Hyhnen announced himself at the embassy on 4 May, he appeared drunk. He occupied himself with painting, learning silk-screening, playing chess, and writing logarithmic tables for the sheer enjoyment of it. From the outset, it was obvious that they had found no Utopia on the border of the Soviet Union. They sold their belongings and left their Idaho farm for New York to book passage on a ship to Europe. The lawyer even appealed Fishers 45-year prison sentence on the grounds that the search of his studio had been unconstitutional, though the Supreme Court upheld the original ruling in 1960. Its doctors orders, he explained. The action remained secret until it was successfully completed. One year laterJuly 28, 1952a passport was issued to Hayhanen as Eugene Maki at Helsinki. Hayhanen had proved a poor spy during his five years in the United States and was being recalled to the USSR, where he feared he would be disciplined. One of the nations most fascinatingand ultimately significantspy cases began in the summer of 1953, when a Brooklyn newspaper boy dropped a nickel he had just earned. This also was the case with the hollow nickel. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Rudolf Abel, Birth Year: 1903, Birth date: July 11, 1903, Birth City: Newcastle Upon Tyne, Birth Country: England. Verified questions. Among the government witnesses to testify against him was his former trusted espionage assistant, Lieutenant Colonel Reino Hayhanen. Analyze the following to determine if a market failure or a government failure is being described. Answer (1 of 4): Rudolf Abel fell victim to poor selection of a helper, if it was not enemy conspiracy in Moscow. Khrushchev also canceled an invitation for Eisenhower to visit the USSR. Hayhanen became a respected expert in Finnish intelligence matters and in May 1943 was accepted into membership in the Soviet Communist Party. Shortly afterwards Fisher was ordered to reactivate the "Volunteer" network to smuggle atomic secrets to Russia. The myth of the master spy Rudolf Abel replaced the reality of Fisher's illegal residency, even as the party hierarchy was well aware that Fisher had achieved nothing of real significance. Using this passport, he sailed October 16, 1952 from Southhampton, England aboard the Queen Mary and arrived at New York City on October 21, 1952. A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Yes, they remembered Jimmy; but, if either had given him a hollow nickel, it was entirely unintentional. On July 15, 1947, Andrew Kayotis, then residing in Detroit, was issued a passport so that he could visit relatives in Europe. display. I left Estonia for Finland in June 1943, and have resided here for the reason that I have no funds with which to pay my transportation to the United States.. Abel returned to Moscow, where he was forced into retirement by the KGB, who feared that during his five years of captivity U.S. authorities had convinced him to become a double agent. They were to resurface in the United Kingdom using the identities of Peter and Helen Kroger. In particular, he became a friend of Burton Silverman. Fisher was born and grew up in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North of England in the United Kingdom to Russian migr parents. On June 21, 1957, he was arrested by the FBI, and on October 25, 1957, a federal district court in Brooklyn found him guilty of espionage, relying in part on testimony by Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Reino Hayhanen, who had defected to the West and who stated that he had been Abels chief coconspirator in the United States. By pooling the coins in their pocketbooks, they were able to give the newsboy change for a dollar. Decided March 28, 1960. [44] Upon hearing he was due to return to Moscow, Hyhnen was fearful that he would be severely disciplined or even executed. From the fall of 1952 until early in 1954, he said, Mikhail served as his espionage superior in New York. Fisher, however, was arrested before he could adopt his new identity and leave the United States. On 10 February 1962, he was exchanged for the shot-down American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. The agents immediately suspected that they had found a coded espionage message. [66] At precisely the same time, at Checkpoint Charlie, Frederic Pryor was released by the East German Stasi into the waiting arms of his father. He served as a case officer for the "Volunteer" spy network, which was tasked with relaying atomic secrets, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1949. Powers returned to the United States and wrote of his view of Francis Gary Powers, (born August 17, 1929, Jenkins, Kentucky, U.S.died August 1, 1977, Encino, California), pilot who was captured on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance flight deep inside the Soviet . Rudolf Abel was born William Fisher in England in 1903. Less than three weeks later, acting on Hyhnen's information, surveillance was established near Fisher's photo studio. He also rented a fifth-floor studio at the Ovington Studios Building on Fulton Street. They immediately noted that it bore a great similarity to the Jefferson nickel which the Brooklyn newsboy had discovered in 1953. All Rights Reserved. A few Western correspondents were invited there to view for themselves the true identity of the spy who never "broke". Corrections? Kayotis had been in poor health and died while visiting relatives in Vilnius, Lithuania. Abel, who was born in Newcastle as William Fisher and once worked at Swan Hunter in Wallsend, went on to become a Russian spy during the Cold War. The real Eugene Nicolai Maki was born in Enaville, Idaho on May 30, 1919. Months of determined probing by the FBIs scientists and investigative staff had led merely to one blind alley after another. On May 16, 1957, FBI agents showed a group of photographs to Hayhanen. During this period, Fisher posed as a photographer and painter named Emil R. Goldfus and immersed himself in a Brooklyn artistic community. Hyhnen, Fisher's former assistant, testified against him at the trial. Even his wife knew him only as Eugene Maki, so carefully did he cover his previous life. The .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Steven Spielberg-helmed flick starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, with British actor Mark Rylance taking on the role of the mysterious Soviet spy. Goldfus's birth certificate was obtained by the NKVD at the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the Centre would collect identity documents from International Brigades members for use in espionage operations. 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